layerneer bed weld. The raft did end up warping but kept the issue from. layerneer bed weld

 
 The raft did end up warping but kept the issue fromlayerneer bed weld  Not enough to interfere with printing, but

Bed Weld is a 3D printing adhesive that was developed specifically to resolve the technical challenges associated with build plate adhesion during prints, while also hindering easy removal parts once the print is complete. Both settings are for good sticking to the bed, and to get a good model higher up in the model. FREE Delivery Across Brunei. To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Mysterious_Ad6014 • 7 mo. BED WELD is a 3D Printing Adhesive that was specifically engineered to resolve the technical challenges associated with build plate adhesion during prints, while also making it easy to remove parts once the print is complete. With the glass bed I have often cheated with Layerneer Bed Weld. " It's a special adhesive, and you'll never look back after trying it. Shop 3D Printer Adhesive Glue Bed Weld Original, Strong Grip Reduces Warping for ABS, ASA, PLA, and PETG Filament on Heated Build Plates, 118ml, 4 fl oz online at best prices at desertcart - the best international shopping platform in Brunei. The spec looks good but says"Do not apply BED WELD directly to aluminum bed surfaces. A glue stick works very well too, of course, but this stuff is kind of cool because it’s more liquidy, and it spreads on nicely. . 0 out of 5 stars Definitely not like layerneer Bed Weld. My flex bed kept delaminating with the higher temps of ABS. -----Upped the bed temp about 15 degrees and increased the skirt layers to about 0. Notifications Clear allShop 3D Printer Adhesive Glue Bed Weld Original, Strong Grip Reduces Warping for ABS, ASA, PLA, and PETG Filament on Heated Build Plates, 118ml, 4 fl oz online at best prices at desertcart - the best international shopping platform in Mongolia. Dabs of Layerneer where the corners will hit will usually prevent it from separating from the build plate. If it keeps happening, maybe review your Bed Level and ensure there are no rogue drafts hitting the plate - Enclosure is neat, but wholly unneeded for PLA. Do not print PETG straight onto glass. RE: Separation Agent with nylon and polycarbonate. 7 %âãÏÓ 1 0 obj >/OCGs[18 0 R 17 0 R]>>/Pages 3 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 2 0 obj >stream application/pdf 2018-07-21 Quarter-Fold-Manual-Ver-1_2 Adobe Illustrator CC 22. Huge amount of time and filament to r. The bed has been washed with dish soap and hot water and then dried. RE: Parts get loose from print bed. Shop 3D Printer Adhesive Glue Bed Weld Original, Strong Grip Reduces Warping for ABS, ASA, PLA, and PETG Filament on Heated Build Plates, 118ml, 4 fl oz online at best prices at desertcart - the best international shopping platform in Belize. Small PLA parts might print better on a smooth sheet. If I wait to apply the weld until just before model printing starts (during the y-axis preliminary print lines) I get good adhesion. I'm in the habit of putting a dab of it where each corner will be when I print a flat PLA piece. 1st layer needs to be super slow. Polymaker is better in this regard IMO. Shop 3D Printer Adhesive Glue by Layerneer, Bed Weld Original, Strong Grip Reduces Warping for ABS, PLA, and PETG Filament on Heated Build Plates, 4 oz. Yeah it had cooled down by the time I went to remove it. I apply it and preheat it to let it dry and it hold better than the glue stick supplied by dremel. , eyeglass wipes) to clean the bed frequently. Unfortunately, this also lifted at the corners and resulted in a slightly. On this, with the warping on the top/front part of it, the bottom comes off the print bed and then the rail is not tall enough for parts to slide on it. I have layerneer bed weld. Usually, brim/ears does the job, or some Layerneer if needed, but large, rectangular objects can be a challenge. ago. online at best prices at desertcart - the best international shopping platform in Fiji. FREE Delivery Across Zambia. Ultimaker Cura slicer using 0. This can leave an invisible contamination that prevents Bed Weld from spreading correctly. I just spread it over the glass bed, and have had zero adhesion problems. It's the Layerneer Bed Weld. To fix PLA warping on a PEI bed surface, clean your bed surface with rubbing alcohol. 4. Single Z leadscrew i3s should not exist,. The bed was really clean, I just cleaned it with soup and hot water, let it dry completely and then wiped it with a cleaning towel for subscription glasses. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users. Bayshore Rd. The best way to ensure an even, level 3D print is to prep your print bed with some type of adhesive. Reply More posts you may like. Raising bed temp (currently starts at 90F). Now I can keep the bed at 55, nozzle at 195-205 and everything (PLA) sticks. Bed Weld solved the time-wasting adhesion. 2 - Spraying iso alcohol and wiping with paper towel. I print a lot of large models with PETG, and if a brim is not working, I tend to add a thin layer of Layerneer Bed Weld. Business, Economics, and Finance. But they fail to mention that for literally anything other than standard PLA you’ll need glue. I like the texture that the sheet produces, but I've had things such as model building roof pieces curl up at the corners. I am also using a Layerneer bed weld glue stick which hasn’t really helped and I have had no issues with print adhesion, aside for the warping. The bed has been washed with dish soap and hot water and then dried. Used Tttyt 3D True Shine Multi-Color Fast Change filament. Show off your prints, or ask a question…Use Layerneer Bed Weld (. I am also using a Layerneer bed weld glue stick which hasn’t really helped and I have had no issues with print adhesion, aside for the warping. 5. Nacho2707 0 Posted September 9, 2021. I have never had Layerneer fail. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Especially for my PETG. 3. No more failed parts several hours into a marathon print session. The raft did end up warping but kept the issue from. The hotter it gets the more it sticks and once cooled it completely releases the print. Switched to an enclosure, Layerneer bed weld, 10% fan on first layer and 210 nozzle. 400+ bought in past month. And as another option, you could buy some Layerneer Bed Weld or similar product on Amazon. I am also using a Layerneer bed weld glue stick which hasn’t really helped and I have had no issues with print adhesion, aside for the warping. It’s best practice to raise the z stop to compensate for the thicker glass bed. . * Use Layerneer Bed Weld. Use 90%+ isopropyl alcohol and a lint-free cloth (e. 0. 3) no even printing bed heating (cooler at the edges) I would check these points and increase the printing bed temperature by 10 degrees. But in this case, the nozzle is too far from the bed. By the time the bed cools to 30C, you can slide the print right off. I ended up buying a specialty 3D printing adhesive called Layerneer Bed. And after a couple of prints, you can wipe the bed with a wet paper towel and smear it around to basically refresh it. I would clean the sheet with soap and dish washing soap, then after drying wipe with IPA, and then use Layerneer bed weld, which I rarely need but works pretty well in my hands if a brim/mickey mouse ears are not an option. 13 votes, 28 comments. The ramp is scaled to 250mm wide, so it completely fills the i3 print bed on the X axis, and nearly fills it on the Y axis. 1. Use either glue stick or Layerneer Bed Weld (below) to improve adhesion and as a release agent. I've tried some other projects and the same thing has happened. 0. Yo that is 100% what it was! I didn't think about the top layer cooling too. EASY Returns & Exchange. It washes off cleanly with hot water. I have printed petg on my SR and Q5. After I clean my bed with alcohol, I give it a coat of Layerneer bed weld and it looks good as new. No more turned-up ends. 3. (This was not on a Prusa, but on an Ultimaker. 3 Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed: Immediate medical attention What is Reddit's opinion of 3D Printer Adhesive Glue Bed Weld Original, Strong Grip Reduces Warping for ABS, ASA, PLA, and PETG Filament on Heated Build Plates, 118ml, 4 fl oz? We've been using Layerneer Bed Weld on our Ultimaker 3's borosilicate glass. Not sure about any options to try recover the existing print bed but if you're going to replace it go for glass, I got a free piece of scrap glass cut to size for my local glass shop and it's been working great for PLA (haven't tried ABS but doubt it would have any issues) and spray a light coat of hairspray on it before a print to assist with adhesion and haven't had any. I tried the stick, spraying pva, blue tape, straight pei, ultem 1000. (when printing with high bed temperatures) should be less pronounced over. Combination of above. 2 Relevant Identified Uses of the Substance or Mixture and Uses Advised Against Product Use: Adhesive coating for 3D printing Uses Advised Against: None 1. Step 4 - Attach Garolite. Did a large print (15 hours) today while I was at work and had it on a raft. Honestly, you shouldn’t have to do that though. Sticks tight at high temperatures and releases around 30 degrees. I'll make another call-out for the Layerneer Bed Weld adhesive. 1 Link to post Share on other sites. Bed adhesion problems - PLA Pagina 1 / 2 . Postato : 30/03/2022 8:44 pmTry layerneer bed weld. Shop 3D Printer Adhesive Glue Bed Weld Original, Strong Grip Reduces Warping for ABS, ASA, PLA, and PETG Filament on Heated Build Plates, 118ml, 4 fl oz online at best prices at desertcart - the best international shopping platform in Guam. Are there produ. Literally me. And once the glass cools off the piece basically fall off by itself . Bayshore Rd. Brand : layerneer. When you say “moving off the bed”, do you mean the nozzle is hitting it and popping it off the bed? If it keeps happening at the same point, it could be because the corners are curling upward off the. Avoid cleaning your bed with 70/30 Isopropyl alcohol. Just put a thin layer all over the bed gently and let it dry then print away. comments sorted by Best Top New Controversial Q&A Add a Comment. usually don’t have to remove it from the bed, but when something sticks really well, it’s no big deal to take it off and twist it off. FREE Delivery Across Luxembourg. This stuff is awesome and is compatible with Garolite - but does not list PC in its material compatibility list so I figured I would give it a try here. If it still doesn't stick, use dish soap and warm water and rub with a soft sponge. Feed rate 100% Reply LMShieldmaiden •. 3 Details of the Supplier of the Safety Data Sheet Manufacturer: Layerneer 2225 E. The LAYERNEER bed weld is the best product I've used so far. FREE Delivery Across Honduras. Before every print I simply apply Bed Weld to the glass build plate my Creality 6SE came with. * If I had control over the model, I might even model some sacrificial supports in, to side-stabilize the model. 2. The bed has been washed with dish soap and hot water and then dried. Explore. The raft did end up warping but kept the issue from. En muchos casos, puede imprimir sin balsas ni bordes, ahorrando tiempo y. PETG, large, tall, thin print to not warp and stay on the bed no matter what I do. CR10s Direct Drive All Metal hot end Linear Rails on X & Y Axis Overture PetG Nozzle:250 Bed: 75 Line width . Nothing works as well as the bed weld. Posted by u/brian5060 - 2 votes and 2 comments4. Reply More posts. Used a glass bed with Layerneer Bed Weld. I haven't tried other adhesives. As a last result, you can (and I have), use Magigoo to improve bed adhesion with parts like this where the geometry makes that lever effect unavoidable. I also use layerneer bed weld. Did a large print (15 hours) today while I was at work and had it on a raft. Have you tried Layerneer Bed Weld? It will make just about anything stick. I use it mostly for PLA prints that have smaller first layer supports and it really eliminates that dreaded 'curl up' of the small support on the first layer. Stylish design. Unfortunately, this also lifted at the corners and resulted in a slightly. It holds PLA, ABS, and PETG to the bed without needing any brims or rafts and then releases it when the bed cools to room temperature. 320 votes, 34 comments. g. The product I use is the Layerneer Bed Weld. May sound counter intuitive but PETG binds too well to the smooth sheet and the glue stick adds a layer of separation. *Most* of the time, that works fine. First layer speed: 15 mm/s or lower. The other issue I can see are the holes. If you find that the parts aren't shaped to adhere (e. I've gotten into the habit of putting a dab of the Layerneer Bed Weld in the area of any corners that might have a tendency to separate as well as the areas of any small-footprint supports. EASY Returns & Exchange. Suggestions? Higher bed temp? Print on a raft?Windex releases the print (a print cannot damage the bed) , this is used for printing petg on pei sheet. I found the Prusa textured sheets to be a bit temperamental, so I switched to the BCZAMD textured sheets, which have handled any material I've thrown at 8. I've been 3D printing (mostly on glass build plates) since 2015. Did a large print (15 hours) today while I was at work and had it on a raft. Handle by the edges only. Cura 4. Manage Cookie Consent. Reply reply3D Printer Adhesive Glue by Layerneer, Bed Weld Original, Strong Grip Reduces on (2) 2 product ratings - 3D Printer Adhesive Glue by Layerneer, Bed Weld Original, Strong Grip Reduces on. I found it to be incredibly helpful with the PC blend. Wash the bed in hot water, use a fresh paper towel as a washcloth, with a few drops of plain dish soap. Layerneer Bed Weld is what I usually use. But, no matter how I try the ends lifts and I get. 20 standard quality settings with these adjustments: Hot end temp: 235C. Crypto1 - Scraping and cleaning big particles. Business, Economics, and Finance. 75mm, with a nozzle temp of 218 and. You've pretty much done everything I would do. LAYERNEER Bed Weld. Elmer’s Disappearing Purple Glue Stick: Best budget pick. I think there's plenty of other, much more fun things to learn about 3D printing without fighting first layer adhesion issues. Filament Setting -- Filament - Bed - Temperature First Layer -- 90 (from 85) Filament Setting -- Filament - Bed - Temperature Other Layers -- 90 (from 90). 00. Layerneer, yes, one layer should do it but I usually go one way and then one more time across. #200 Palo Alto, CA 94303 +1 650-308-8976 Bed Weld Compatibility | Layerneer. Use Layerneer Bed Weld (. Brand :. It dries fast and non tacky once dry. Since you are having adhesion issues I’d say soap and water, dry, then isopropyl alcohol. - After a print has completed, wait for the bed to cool down to room temperature for easier/cleaner removal. Dave_Ha • 2 yr. The coating of the bed can get damaged by isopropyl alcohol, but you can still use the bed. EASY Returns &. 1. I had this set a bit on the high side and on one ABS test print that obviously caused one of the corners to break away from the build plate. Usually, brim/ears does the job, or some Layerneer if needed, but large, rectangular objects can be a challenge. There's so many blends of nylon tho, some that print at 225/bed off with really low warp. Spring steel transfers heat better than a thick glass. . I’ve recently tried a pei sheet on spring steel and have nothing but good results. comments sorted by Best Top New Controversial Q&A Add a Comment. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. Wipe it down with ipa again and level the bed again before. If you could print flat, not a problem. Also, this one can be compatible with several materials to get you a fun 3D printing experience. Layerneer Bed Weld for Prusament PC Blend release agent. Looking for that special. I am also using a Layerneer bed weld glue stick which hasn’t really helped and I have had no issues with print adhesion, aside for the warping. Many people recommend printing. It’s like glue stick but makes a thinner film, and you can refresh the same layer a few times with a wet paper towel before you have to re-apply it. I use satin sheets and usually have excellent adhesion but, again, it's just one more little thing to increase the odds of all little pieces staying on the sheet. Amazon's Choice. 2 . 4mm nozzle; Mesh Bed Levelling is on 7x7;. The raft did end up warping but kept the issue from. You could also try Magi-Goo or other similar products. In theory this procedure should minimize bed temperature fluctuation, if the. 2 months later. Posted : 10/01/2021 1:49 am bobstro (@bobstro). * Use Layerneer Bed Weld (<. I'll also make yet another repetitive call-out for a product known as Layerneer Bed Weld. That being said, I’ve heard lots of good things about the textured and satin sheets, but I basically have. Shop 3D Printer Adhesive Glue by Layerneer, Bed Weld Original, Strong Grip Reduces Warping for ABS, PLA, and PETG Filament on Heated Build Plates, 4 oz. The raft did end up warping but kept the issue from. Combination of above. Trade Name Bed Weld Original SDS Date 15 April 2018 1. Layerneer Bed Weld is what I've been using for a release agent for ABS and PETg (and PC Blend, but I do not do many of those) and as an adhesion booster at times for PLA. I am on my second bottle and use it with tough to get to stick surfaces and filaments. But I have one model in. Still having the bed leveling issue, however. I've found that this works well on both the Prusa smooth and textured sheets. | 38 answered questions. EASY Returns & Exchange. The coating dries quickly to form a thin film that is not sticky, so there is no risk of getting a clogged nozzle or having residue on your finished part. The best 3D printing adhesive on the market includes Elmer’s Disappearing Glue Stick, Wolfbite Adhesive, LAYERNEER Adhesive, Paul Mitchell Hair Spray, and a simple saltwater solution. 3mf file. Business, Economics, and Finance. I use one or the other often. It is also quick drying, odorless, and water-soluble, meaning it is easy to clean. 2. I have some Layerneer Bed Weld laying around from when I actually used my other printer (Bibo) that uses a glass bed. Once it's done, I remove the glass from the SR and wash it with dawn. The bed has been washed with dish soap and hot water and then dried. We have had good results with using a Bambu Engineering Plate that has been scuffed up with fine grit sand paper. Did a large print (15 hours) today while I was at work and had it on a raft. . FREE Delivery Across Sint Maarten. ago. Note: You can start with any edge on your build plate that you feel is easiest for you to apply the garolite on. I have a test sample of it because I want to print something from tra. FREE Delivery Across Bangladesh. @gglockner. 이 병에는 과도한 도포를 방지하는 데 도움이 되지만 여전히 직접적인 접촉을 허용하는 폼 팁이 있습니다. 1919 "weld" 3D Models. Not enough to interfere with printing, but. I have troubles with warping on most large, flat prints like this, and Bed-Weld totally solved all of my issues. I use Layerneer Bed Weld, a Z offset of -1. EASY Returns & Exchange. RE: Can't get anything to stick to textured print bed. Place the glass under the stopper and tighten the screws. Hi everyone, I have a problem with the adhesion of the Redline PETG Transparent. This test print was using Ender 3D PLA filament: also used Layerneer Bed Weld:I don't make money from the. ] I am using Prusa black PLA 1. It’s a requirement for my Ultem 1010 (PEI) prints to even have a chance of sticking to my Ender 5 glass bed ReplyShop 3D Printer Adhesive Glue Bed Weld Original, Strong Grip Reduces Warping for ABS, ASA, PLA, and PETG Filament on Heated Build Plates, 118ml, 4 fl oz online at best prices at desertcart - the best international shopping platform in Congo. 3. I have tried a lot with the setting from cold to very hot bed temperatur, cleaning the powder coated spring sheet, using a enclosure, different nozzle temperatur and different first layer height (0. None of this, however, is '3d' to the extent it can be felt. RE: Bed adhesion trouble. online at best prices at desertcart - the best international shopping platform in Macedonia. And a simple purple gluestick works perfect although I use layerneer bed weld cause I have so many different. I've finally got bed adhesion perfected (details below), but now the steel sheet is warping off the heatbed instead. Don't OD on the 'elephant foot' compensation. It works perfectly with a wide variety of bed materials and filaments. FREE Delivery Across Madagascar. PVA is 3d printer safe, it's used in solid form as a filament for dissolvable supports. 2,220. Take a picture and post it here. Using the tape gives you the benefits of flatness and a textured surface. Link to post Share on other sites. I'm printing it with Atomic Filament PETG and a 0. Brand :. Here's the issue: There seems to be no middle ground on the bed between "nozzle scraping against build plate" and "filament just collecting on nozzle. The print file is a fan blade that I designed in my mechanical engineering cad class a few ye. And I also bought this stuff called Layerneer Bed-Weld on Amazon that helps with bed adhesion and also as a release layer for PETG. The raft did end up warping but kept the issue from. Print speed: 40 mm/s for larger parts, 30 mm/s or lower for smaller parts. I started by upping temps but that lead to curling. Avoid cleaning your bed with 70/30 Isopropyl alcohol. I am also using a Layerneer bed weld glue stick which hasn’t really helped and I have had no issues with print adhesion, aside for the warping. FREE Delivery Across Cayman Islands. RE: Bed adhesion problems - PLA. I have not yet tried using it with PLA. 3. 12. Definitely agree with this post as a recommended surface adhesion, far better than tape. 여러 고객 리뷰에서 지적했듯이 Bed Weld는 꽤 오랫동안 인쇄물을 제자리에. Log in to be able to post. Release of the high temp plastics need the bed to be 100% cooled down - don't try and pop them off till they are cool. And do a test with a heat tower for both filaments. I probably clean my glass plate once every 50 prints , very easy to use. Never had any issues with a Creality CR6. Statt zu klagen, dass wir nicht alles haben, was wir wollen, sollten wir lieber dankbar sein, dass wir nicht alles. . I have a BuildTak flex bed with GizmoDorks 1mm pei for most prints, but I switch out to my 3mm borosilicate glass for nylon prints. The glue sticks don’t last as long as Layerneer on the bed! With the Layerneer you can run cold water on the back side of the bed( DONT WASH) and reuse the same glue for the next print! It literally pops/falls of the bed when this is done ⬆️ You can prolly reuse the layerneer up to like 3-4x vs Generic glue sticks that you would have to. One thing I've been sold on (which is not an alternative to a clean sheet or a good calibration) is the Layerneer Bed Weld adhesive. I have some Layerneer Bed Weld laying around from when I actually used my other printer (Bibo) that uses a glass bed. When I removed my first print it took part of the PEI sheet with it. 2 mm and 0. Brand : layerneer. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. Any tips are appreciated. It has a wonderful matte texture and you can hardly see the layer lines. With easy headboard attachement. 12. Explore. One of my printers prints large, brick-shaped detection dog training objects pretty much every day. The horns at the end were. Printed on a smooth borosilicate print bed using Overture PETG filament and Layerneer bed weld. Avoid drying your bed with towels that are contaminated with fabric softeners. Inspired by “The Beast”, but ultimately using the original DM + Ploopy hybrid that is a 6x4. or Best Offer. Use Layerneer Bed Weld (. Try with a lint-free towel. In specific, the first layers were absolute flat on the bed. Layerneer Bed Weld lost no towers (there's some bird's nest over there, but it was transported there from the other towers that fell). You have clearly thought about most of these ideas already, my next step would be to add a brim. 3D Printer Adhesive Glue Bed Weld Original, Strong Grip Reduces Warping for ABS, ASA, PLA, and PETG Filament on Heated Build Plates, 118ml, 4 fl oz. RE: Bed adhesion problems - PLA Bear in mind, the live Z adjustment is "live adjusting the z-offset", meant as a way to do tweaks to a calibration setting. Grease under a layer of glue or adhesive can still cause problems. Benachrichtigungen . Very good for small items and for the first layer of supports with small footprints. FREE Delivery Across Saint Kitts and Nevis. . I personally use a bed adhesive called Layerneer Bed Weld. 0 2 product ratings. $2299 ( $5. Sehen Sie sich die besten Klebestifte für den 3D-Druck an! Die erste Schicht ist ohne Zweifel die wichtigste Schicht in einem 3D-Druck, da sie die Basis des Modells bildet und es mit der Bauoberfläche verbindet. The edges of the heat bed have less even heat distribution compared to the rest of the bed, the edges of the bed will have the highest chances of your prints warping. Print PLA, PET-G, ABS, ASA, Nylon, TPU, PC and more without gluestick, hairspray, or tape. 3D Gloop!: Good multi-purpose glue. . I have resorted to dabbing loctite to connect the brim to the part. This glue works great for bed adhesive to overcome your solution on your 3D printing. People will tell you to just not use ABS but I was given $200 worth of the stuff. 3D Printer Adhesive Glue Bed Weld Original, Strong Grip Reduces Warping for ABS, ASA, PLA, and PETG Filament on Heated Build Plates, 118ml, 4 fl oz ; Visit the LAYERNEER Store. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. It really helps with PLA adhesion, particularly with the textured sheet. I have seen no advice anywhere on the forums to use an adhesive with PLA with the textured sheet, and in fact Prusa official advice says not to use adhesive with PLA. . . This stuff is awesome and is compatible with Garolite - but does not list PC in its material compatibility list so I figured I would give it a try here. Make sure you clean your sheet properly with hot water, a fresh cleaning sponge, and fragrant-free dish washing soap. I use Layerneer Bed Weld instead of the glue stick. I am also using a Layerneer bed weld glue stick which hasn’t really helped and I have had no issues with print adhesion, aside for the warping. FREE Delivery Across Jamaica. 90+% IPA is good between prints but when you see performance degradation. 7mm tall and it printed fine with 0 warping. and Fulfilled by Amazon. EASY Returns & Exchange.